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{{unit of length||m= 1852|accuracy=4 -->A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. It is a non-International System of Units unit used by special interest groups such as navigators in the shipping and aviation industries. Section 4.1 Table 8 in the International System of Units 8th ed. (2006) by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. It is commonly used in international law and Treaty, especially regarding the limits of territorial waters. It developed from the geographical mile.

Definition The international standard definition is: 1 nautical mile = exactly. This corresponds approximately to one Minute of arc of latitude along any meridian.

Unit symbol There is no widely accepted international standard symbol for the unit nautical mile. The preferred abbreviation of the IEEE is nmi, IEEE guidelines for authors while M is used by the BIPM and the maritime authorities of the USA Positions, Distances, Directions, Compass; Office of Coastal Survey, NOAA, USA, and Canada POSITIONS, DISTANCES, DIRECTIONS, COMPASS, Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada. For aviation use, the preferred abbreviation of the ICAO is NM. NOTIFICATION OF ANNEX DIFFERENCES (Presented by Australia)International Civil Aviation Organisation, Sixth Meeting of CNS/MET Sub Group of APANPIRG, Bangkok, Thailand, 15 to 19 July 2002, The abbreviation nm, though conflicting with the SI symbol for the nanometre, is also in widespread use.

Conversions to other units One nautical mile converts to:

History The nautical mile was historically defined as a minute of arc along a meridian (geography) of the Earth, making a meridian exactly 180×60 = historical nautical miles. It can therefore be used for approximate measures on a meridian as change of latitude on a nautical chart. The originally intended definition of the metre as 10-7 of a half-meridian makes the mean historical nautical mile exactly (2)/ = historical metres. Based on the current IUGG meridian of (standard) metres the mean historical nautical mile is .

The historical definition differs from the length-based standard in that a minute of arc, and hence a nautical mile, is not a constant length at the surface of the Earth but gradually lengthens with increasing distance from the equator, as a corollary of the Earth's oblateness, whence the need for "mean" in the preceding sentence. According to WGS84, the radius of curvature in a meridian plane is at the poles and at the Equator. By the definition of latitude#Common "latitude", the length of a minute of arc depends on the radius of curvature. This radius generally does not pass through Earth's center, except for the latitudes of 0° (equator) and 90° (poles). This length equals about at the poles and at the Equator, a variation of one percent.

The length of a minute of arc defined by latitude#Geocentric latitude also depends on the radius of curvature along a meridian on the surface of the Earth, but a specific length occurs at a different latitude because a surface feature's geocentric latitude differs by as much as 12 arc-minutes (at 45°) from its geodetic latitude. The naive definition of an arc minute as the distance over which one's (three-dimensional) trajectory turns one minute when sailing due north corresponds to geodetic latitude; if instead one measures it by the turning of a line between the vessel and the center of the earth this corresponds to geocentric latitude.

Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile. This variety in combination with the complexity of angular measure described above along with the intrinsic uncertainty of geodetically derived units mitigated against the extant definitions in favor of a simple unit of pure length. International agreement was achieved in 1929 when the International Hydrographic Organization held in Monaco adopted a definition of one (1) international nautical mile as being equal to 1 E3 m exactly, in excellent agreement (for an integer) with both the above-mentioned values of historical metres and standard metres.

Since the 1929 agreement, all nations have now adopted the international definition. The United States, formerly using a value of , did not however adopt this definition until July 1, 1954.

British nautical mile (admiralty) The British definition of the nautical mile originally related to the length on the surface of the Earth just south of Great Britain. It was not specified according to a calibrated measurement of the Earth, but chosen as exactly 800 feet longer than a Mile#Statute miles, namely . For disambiguation, this is sometimes called the "admiralty mile" after the British Admiralty. The precise definition of the Foot (unit of length) varied slightly around the world until the international yard, always equal to exactly three feet, was standardized at exactly 0.9144 m in 1959, making the admiralty mile exactly . The Royal Hydrographic office of the United Kingdom converted to the international definition in 1970.

US navy nautical mile (rocketry) As a simpler approximation, designers of radar systems for ballistic and cruise missiles for use by the United States Navy in the 1950s would take as their equivalent of a nautical mile. In the past, some ship-borne computer systems developed for the Royal Navy also used the "data mile" of , and the more unusual "foot*", equivalent to about nine inches, defined as (223 mm).

Associated units The derived unit of speed is the knot (speed), defined as one nautical mile per hour. The term "log" is used to measure the distance a vessel has moved through the water, it can also be used to measure the speed through the water (see chip log) as the speed and distance are directly related.

The term knot and log originally are derived from the practice of using a "log" tied to a knotted rope as a method of gauging speed of a ship. The log would be thrown into the water and the rope trailed behind the ship. The number of knots that passed off the ship and into the water in a given time would determine the speed in "knots". The present day measurement of knots and log are determined using a mechanical tow, electronic tow, retractable hull-mounted unit, doppler or ultrasonics, or Global Positioning System.{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/origin.htm#kno|publisher=Naval Historical Center, US Naval Dept. Library|title=Origin of Naval Terminology|date=May 03, 2006-->David, Fairhall (2005). "Pass your day skipper (2nd Edition)"

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Nautical Miles



 
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